Tailings facilities include tailings transportation and stowage facilities. The manner in which the tailings are transported and stacked depends primarily on its particle size. The fine-grained tailings can be transported hydraulically to the tailings pond, and the coarse-grained dry tailings can be transported to the yard by means of transport machinery. Where qw—the amount of tailings discharged from the ore dressing plant, t/a;  Storage capacity factor μ Tailings store shape Initial Final period a narrow and winding valley 0.3 0.6~0.7 Wide valley, single or double side ore 0.4 0.7~0.8 Flat or hillside tailings pond, three or four sides of the mine 0.5 0.8~0.9 2. Tailings Dam In the early years, the initial dam used more permeable dams. It consists of a rockfill body and a filter layer and a protective layer on the upstream side to form a so-called permeable rockfill dam, which facilitates the rapid drainage of the tailings accumulation dam and reduces the tailings dam. The immersion line accelerates the consolidation of the tailings and is conducive to the stability of the dam. The anti-filter layer prevents the permeated water from carrying out the tailings and is laid on the upstream side of the rockfill dam. In addition, between the rockfill and the non-rock foundation, in order to prevent the erosion of the permeate flow, a filter layer is also required. The anti-filtration layer of the rockfill dam is generally composed of three layers of sand, gravel, pebbles or gravel. The particle size of the three layers is fine to coarse along the flow direction, and ensures that the particles of the inner layer cannot pass through the adjacent outer layer. The pores in each layer should not move. The gravel material of the filter layer should be unweathered, not dissolved, freeze-resistant, and not dissolved by water. The thickness of the filter layer is not less than 400mm. In order to prevent the tailings slurry and rainwater from scouring the inner slope filter layer, a protective layer shall be laid on the surface of the filter layer, which may be paved with dry block stone, sand pebbles, gravel, cobble stone or mining waste stone to be in place. The material is taken and the construction is simple. [next]  Tailings dam body geometry reference table Dam body project Reference value Initial dam Dam height / m < 10 10~20 > 20 Dam top width / m ≥ 2.5 ≥ 3.0 ≥ 4.0 Dam slope The upstream slope is not steeper than 1 : 1 : 5 Downstream  Rock foundation  1:1.3~1:1.5 Non-rock base  1 : 20 Horse road Every 10 ~ 15m height is set to 1 ~ 2m width Ma Stacked dam Horse road Every 10 ~ 20m height width of 3 ~ 5m provided Ma The values ​​in the table should be based on the materials used, dam height, stability calculations and experience. For the design of the integrated dam, it is first necessary to ensure the stability and safety of the dam. Even if the tailings are discharged into the tailings pond during production, reasonable control and management must be carried out, and the dam failure accident must not be allowed. [next] 3. Drainage tank drainage (including backwater) system The basic types of drainage systems commonly used are: drain pipes, tunnels, spillways and hillside intercepting ditch. The required drainage system should be determined after technical and economic comparison based on factors such as displacement, topographical conditions, use requirements and construction conditions. Drainage drainage is used for small flows; drains or tunnels can be used for medium flow, and tunnels or spillways are used for large flows. The inlet head of the drainage system may be a drainage well or a chute. For large and medium-sized projects, if engineering geological conditions permit, tunnel flood discharge is often economical and reliable compared to drain discharge. Domestic tailings ponds generally use flood drainage systems for flooding and tailings clarification. Some tailings ponds are in use at a later stage. When the tailings accumulation height is close to the surrounding ridge or saddle section, it is very advantageous to use the saddle terrain to excavate the spillway. Consider using the positive sluice spillway as the tailings reservoir drainage, as shown in the above figure. .
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I. Basic Principles for the Selection of Tailings Reservoir Sites 1. No or less land occupation, no demolition or less demolition of residential houses.
2. Choose favorable terrain, natural depression, and build a shorter dam (refer to the short axis of the dam) to form sufficient storage capacity to meet the tailings volume within the storage design period. When a storage capacity cannot meet the requirements, several should be sorted, and each storage capacity should not be less than 5 years.
3. tailings site should be selected as close as possible to and below the beneficiation plant, gravity tailings transport as far as possible, the plant should be located tailings piled up, downwind of the prevailing wind direction neighborhoods.
4. The area of ​​the rainwater collection should be small. If it is large, it should have a favorable terrain suitable for excavation of the spillway near the dam site or on the bank.
5. The dam site and reservoir area should have good engineering geological conditions, the dam foundation treatment is simple, the slopes on both sides of the strait are stable, and the unfavorable geological structures such as caves, springs, silt, active faults and landslides are avoided.
6. There must be sufficient damming materials near the reservoir area.
7. The site of the reservoir, the transportation and storage methods of the tailings, and the determination of the facilities shall be compared. 2. The transportation and accumulation of fine-grained water-bearing tailings shall be carried out.
The facilities for treating fine-grained water-bearing tailings generally consist of three systems: tailings hydraulic transport, tailings ponds and drainage (including backwater). The hydraulic conveying system can determine the self-flow or pressure transmission or the combined transportation according to the height difference between the discharge point of the tailings of the concentrator and the tailings pond, and send the tailings to the tailings pond with the runner, pipeline or sand pump-pipeline. There are also tailings that are concentrated and returned to the water by the plant area, and then sent to the tailings pond by sand pump-pipe.
Tailings library
The tailings pond is a place for stockpiling tailings, which is mostly formed by dams and valleys. According to the different terrain of the reservoir site, the tailings pond can be divided into:
(1) The valley type is built in the valley mouth-face;
(2) Hillside type uses two or three sides of the slope to build a dam; [next]
(3) Dam construction around the flat type. At the same time, in the tailings pond, there is also a structure for discharging the clarified water and rainwater system in the reservoir. The clarified water is recovered from the recovery system, and some of it is reused in the beneficiation production. The remainder is discharged to the downstream river. The clarified water discharged should meet the wastewater discharge standard and should be purified when the harmful components are exceeded. The tailings reservoir volume can be calculated as follows: 
V—the total volume of tailings ponds required by the concentrator during the working years, m 3 ;
N—the working years of the ore dressing plant, a;
Рs—the loose density of tailings, t/m 3 ;
μ—The tailings pond is full of coefficients, see table below.
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The tailings dam is widely used as a combination of initial dams and late dams (also known as tailings dams). The initial dam is the supporting prism of the tailings dam. It is built with local soil and stone materials. The design of the tailings of the initial dam is generally 0.5~1.0a. The late dam is formed by the tailings after the ore dressing plant is put into production. As shown below.
For the dam crest and the outer slope, the following practices can be used:
(1) Covering a dense gravel or gravel layer of 0.1~0.15m;
(2) planting turf or planting thatch;
(3) Set intercepting ditch and drainage ditch at the abutment and slope of the abutment. There is also an initial dam for earth dams, which is commonly used in areas lacking sand and gravel materials, and has low construction cost and convenient construction. It requires good gradation of dam earth materials, good compaction, and high dry bulk density. Permeability coefficient, shear strength. Because the soil water permeability is worse than that of the tailings, when the tailings accumulation dam reaches a certain height, the immersion line often escapes from the accumulated dam slope, which is easy to cause piping, which may lead to the occurrence of dam accidents. The use of earth dams must use integrated drainage facilities to reduce the wetting line of the tailings dam. The initial dam was built by the construction unit during the infrastructure period. China's early use of more impervious rockfill dams, which can not be used for tailings can not be dam, the tailings water contains toxic substances to the downstream damage.
In the later stage, the production unit uses the tailings to build up and build up in the whole production process. The late dam construction method has:
(1) upstream dam construction method;
(2) Downstream damming method;
(3) Midline dam construction method. Generally, the upstream method (that is, the ore discharge to the inner slope of the dam) is used for dam construction, and the amount of work is small. When the stability of the dam is not satisfied, the latter two can be used for dam construction, and the earthquake method can be used for dam construction in many areas.
The grain size of tailings in the later dam is the main factor affecting the tailings deposit. The particle size larger than 37μm is the main part of the alluvial beach. The particle size less than 5μm is difficult to deposit and form suspended solids in water. The tailings alluvial dam should be used as much as possible. If the tailings pond is close to the stope, it is also feasible to use the mining waste rock to build a dam and double as a waste rock yard. There are many methods for alluvial damming and damming, including alluvial method, pool filling method, channel trough method, hydrocyclone grading upstream method and grading downstream method. The method selection is mainly based on the size of tailings discharge, particle size composition, and slurry. Factors such as concentration, dam length, dam height and local climatic conditions are determined. In order to make the tailings alluvial dam have higher shear strength, it is required that the material size of the alluvial slurry in the alluvial deposits is uniform, and the alluvial beach has no mineral interlayer. During the dam construction, the slurry is dispersed and discharged, and the slurry pipe is laid along the axis of the dam crest. The slurry pipe is laid along the dam slope and lengthened as the dam is increased. A centralized ore deposit should be opened in the reservoir to prepare the tailings to be discharged into the reservoir during the dam-free period, the freezing period and the flood season to protect the stability of the pile dam. [next]
The height of the tailings dam should be considered both in the initial dam and the accumulation dam. In addition to meeting the requirements for flood control and water storage, there must be safety and high.
The purpose of the tailings accumulation dam is to reduce the immersion line, prevent the immersion line from escaping from the dam slope and loss of tailings, which is conducive to the stability of the dam. Its drainage facilities are:
(1) The bottom drainage (requires the installation of a filter layer) for the tailings dam to be placed on the impervious foundation or the initial dam is an impervious dam;
(2) Alluvial dam body drainage, in order to improve the drainage conditions of the tailings of the tailings alluvial dam, there are many methods, there is a slope filtration layer drainage (when the initial dam and foundation are impervious to water, and there is no bottom drainage body) , laying this layer on the outer slope of the tailings accumulation dam) and the seepage or drainage blind ditch (arranged parallel to the dam axis), seepage well, vertical drainage (more downstream dam construction). The drainage facility and the dam should be constructed at the same time. The main geometrical dimensions of the tailings dam are shown in the table below.
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The drainage system of the tailings pond should be arranged on the side of the side of the tailings pond. The line selection is short and straight, the foundation is uniform, and there are no faults, landslides, broken belts and weak foundations. The head of the inlet should be arranged to meet the requirements of entering the tailings clarified water at any time during use. When the influent facility is a drainage well, the quantity, elevation, distance and location should be carefully considered. For example, the first well (the lowest position) can meet the requirements of the clarification distance L during the initial period of use, and can meet the clarification of the discharge as early as possible. The requirements for the use of water for the concentrator, the remaining wells are gradually raised, and the wells have a certain height overlap (overlap height △h = 0.5 ~ 1.0m), as shown in Figure 1 above. The purpose of clarifying the distance L is to ensure that the drainage well does not run over the water. When the tailings pond receives a large area of ​​water, a large amount of flooding may occur in a short period of time. In order to quickly discharge most or part of the flood, a spillway is built on the side of the tailings pond and a spillway is built near the tailings dam.
All the above-mentioned drainage well windows, pipe diameters, groove sections, tunnel sections and other dimensions and discharge flows through the drainage system facilities shall be calculated and then combined with practical experience to determine.
Because the concentration of tailings discharged from the concentrator is generally low, in order to save new water consumption, the tailings of the magnetic separation plant and the re-election plant often construct backwater facilities such as tailings concentration tank or inclined plate concentration tank in the front area of ​​the plant. The tailings water is recovered for recycling in the concentrator.
3. Transportation and accumulation of coarse dry tailings
(1) It is a common method to use the bucket or mine car to lift the tailings along the slope track and then dump it on the cone tailings pile. According to the amount of tailings conveyed, it can be transported by monorail or double rail. The terrain is flat and the tailings can be transported by this method when it is closer to the concentrator.
(2) the use of railway transport automatic roll to dump the tailings tailings. This scheme has a large transportation capacity and is far from the concentrator. The tailings field is a slope site below the road surface.
(3) The use of aerial ropeway to transport tailings is suitable for undulating mountainous areas. In particular, the condition of transporting raw ore by aerial ropeway has been adopted. The waste rock can be transported along the cableway return line, and the tailings field is below the ropeway. Wet tailings in cold areas and small buckets are easy to freeze.
(4) The tailings are transported by a moving belt conveyor and transported to the tailings yard of the open-air fan-shaped bottom. Suitable for warm climates, close to the concentrator.
Tailings facility