China's comprehensive utilization of straw has achieved remarkable results and is inseparable from the promotion of agricultural machinery.

The use of straw treatment is related to agricultural clean production, rural ecological environmental protection and green development of agriculture. It can be said that “the government attaches great importance to the needs of agricultural development and the concern of public opinion”. In recent years, all localities have conscientiously implemented the central government's deployment requirements, and introduced a series of policy measures to promote the utilization of straw resources and achieved remarkable results.

The comprehensive utilization rate of straw reaches over 80%

Every summer and autumn, there are always some news that straw burning has caused fires, polluted the environment, and threatened the safety of transportation. In 2016, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Finance selected 10 provinces (districts) with more prominent crop straw burning problems, adopted the whole county promotion method, carried out pilot experiments on comprehensive utilization of straw, and explored regional technical routes, models and mechanisms.

Up to this year, the comprehensive utilization rate of straw in all pilot counties has increased by 5 percentage points or more than 90% over the previous year. The data from the satellite remote sensing inspection and monitoring of straw burning in the Ministry of Environmental Protection showed that the number of straw burning points in 10 pilot provinces in 2016 was 11,624. , a 32% reduction from 2015. Each pilot province has formed a batch of straw processing modes that can be replicated and promoted, such as the industrialization model of straw recycling in Lingbi County, Anhui Province, and the full coverage model of straw standardized storage and storage center in Lanling County, Shandong Province. Driven by the central financial pilot subsidy funds, the pilot provinces integrated project funds, improved supporting measures, and improved the policy promotion mechanism. For example, Heilongjiang carried out straw briquetting fuel pilot projects in 60 counties, and constructed each straw briquetting fuel processing station. The subsidy is 990,000 yuan, and the subsidy for the storage and storage capacity of the straw storage and storage center is 200,000 yuan; the integration fund of Henan Province is 75.36 million yuan, and the Hebei Province guides the enterprise to raise more than 70 million yuan to carry out straw storage, transportation and comprehensive utilization; Anhui The province subsidizes straw power generation according to the standard of 50 yuan/ton of rice straw, 40 yuan/ton of wheat straw and 30 yuan/ton of other straw.

In the view of Li Hongwen, a professor at the College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, the straw “more” needs a way out, the soil “hungry” needs to be fed back, and protective farming measures such as straw returning can link the two well. In the comprehensive utilization of straw, all localities adhere to the principle of “agricultural use, diversified utilization” and “three major directions” of fertilizer, feed and fuel, and continuously improve the agricultural level of straw, the specialization level of straw storage and transportation, and the marketization of straw. Utilize the level and comprehensive utilization of straw technology and standardization level. Generally speaking, the current straw treatment technology and utilization model in China is becoming more and more perfect, the utilization level of straw “five materials” is obviously improved, the comprehensive utilization rate of straw is over 80%, and the proportion of agricultural use such as fertilizer and feed is close to 70%. The utilization pattern of the rapid development of the main and other methods has been formed.

Mechanized into a comprehensive utilization of straw

Due to the variety of crop stalks, small specific gravity, high degree of scattering, difficulty in collecting and transporting storage, it is determined that labor utilization is labor intensive and low in efficiency. In addition, the value of straw itself is low, the profit of processing and utilization is thin, and the enthusiasm of farmers for resource utilization is not high. . In addition, with the large transfer of rural labor and the rising labor costs of agricultural production, it is more and more difficult to rely on artificial use of straw. Therefore, mechanized returning to the field with low operating costs and fine processing advantages has become the main realization of comprehensive utilization of straw. The form also fits the requirements of “near, and moderate scale” and plays a major role in the comprehensive utilization of straw.

Statistics show that in 2016, the area of ​​mechanized straw harvested in China's main crops reached 720 million mu, the area of ​​picking up and baling reached 65 million mu, the area of ​​conservation tillage reached 130 million mu, and the total amount of mechanized straw used reached 465 million tons, especially Wheat straw basically achieved mechanization treatment based on returning to the field. For example, the rate of returning wheat straw to Jiangsu was over 60%, Shandong reached 65%, and Shaanxi was as high as 80%.

The progress of comprehensive utilization of straw is inseparable from the improvement of the level of agricultural mechanization. In the past two years, the research and development level of China's straw comprehensive utilization equipment and technology has been continuously improved, and a number of practical mechanical equipment and technical specifications have been formed. The domestic large-powered power machinery has made new breakthroughs. The performance of mechanical equipment such as crushing and returning to the field, collecting and bundling has been significantly improved. The straw fertilizer and feed equipment have been invented successively. Straw cover no-tillage, returning to the field, and rotary tillage The comprehensive farming techniques such as Tian gradually formed, and key technologies such as straw cultivation of edible fungi, briquette fuel and biodiesel were newly upgraded. Based on the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy, the mechanization technology system for straw utilization has been continuously improved. The Ministry of Agriculture has organized and implemented key projects such as the construction of conservation tillage demonstration bases, conservation tillage technology innovation and experimental demonstration, and promoted the construction of mechanized production including straw processing. The technical system, all localities actively carried out technological innovation experiments, and formed a number of suitable straw stalk mechanized farming techniques and field operation modes.

In addition, the mechanization policy support for the comprehensive utilization of straw is increasing. The central government continued to increase subsidies for the purchase of straw and the subsidies for deep land preparation. The local government actively sought financial support, created mechanized operation subsidies, and strengthened policy guidance. For example, in Jiangsu Province in recent years, the financial arrangement for straw mechanization and returning operations is about 1 billion yuan per year. Shandong, Anhui, Henan, Shaanxi and other provinces also arrange special funds to subsidize the mechanization of straw to return to the field. The promotion and application of a large number of mechanical equipment provides strong equipment support for the comprehensive utilization of straw. By the end of 2016, the national straw smashing and returning machine had more than 850,000 units, the straw picking and baling machine reached 46,800 units, and the green forage harvester was 43,400 units, up 5.55%, 26.15% and 6.11% respectively. The country has built 1,190 straw solidification fuel plants and processing points, 106 straw carbonization processing points, promoted 11.28 million energy-saving stoves, and built 1,253 straw biogas and pyrolysis gasification centralized gas supply projects. 11 million tons.

It is necessary to work hard to catch up with the advanced level.

According to the agricultural census report issued by the US Department of Agriculture's National Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, as early as 2012, the proportion of straw returning area in the United States reached 70.2%, and the area of ​​other utilization methods accounted for 29.8%. According to Li Hongwen's research, from 2016 to 2017, the proportion of straw crops returned to the main crops in China's 24 provinces and municipalities was 50.7%, and other treatments such as field and incineration accounted for 49.3%. It can be seen that although the comprehensive utilization level of straw in China has been greatly improved compared with previous years, there is still a certain gap with the goal of “basic realization of straw resource utilization”, especially the comprehensive utilization rate of straw in some areas. Still low.

At present, the contradictions and difficulties that restrict the comprehensive utilization of straw mainly include the following aspects: some farmers have insufficient understanding of the value of straw resources, and their environmental awareness is not strong. They are worried that the return of straw to the field will affect the quality of seeding, emergence and yield, and the time when the straw is returned to the field. It is laborious and labor-intensive, and the economic benefits are low, which has affected the initiative and enthusiasm of farmers to carry out comprehensive utilization of straw. The cost of straw collection and mechanization is generally 30-50 yuan per mu, and the economic benefits are not high. At present, the straw storage, storage and transportation service system is still in its infancy, and there are still some shortcomings in socialization, specialization and marketization. On the above, the phenomenon of “there is no stalk, no storage, no storage, no storage” is still common; the current straw comprehensive utilization policy is mostly set up for a certain link, lacking systematic support for the whole industrial chain, affecting Straw utilization industrialization development. The relevant equipment and technology are effectively insufficiently supplied. Some experts said: "China's main crop planting area is 1.5 times that of the United States, but the straw picking and baling machine and the green forage harvester are only 1/8 of the US, and the corn is adapted to the needs of different regions. Peanuts and other fruit stalk combine harvesters and rice straw picking and baling machines have large gaps, and the adaptability and reliability of straw returning and processing equipment need to be further improved.” In some areas, there are still some straws and fields. Also, how to return, and other technical standards and specifications are not clear. The work is not balanced. In some places, the role of mechanization in the comprehensive utilization of straw is not well understood, and the input power is insufficient. Even the policies that have been issued by the state have not yet been put in place, and the speed and effect of advancement are not satisfactory.

Promoting the comprehensive utilization of straw is a long-term, complicated and arduous task. Not long ago, in the national stalk mechanization returning field meeting held in Changchun City, Jilin Province, the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Agriculture proposed that all localities should strengthen policy promotion, market pull, technology-driven, propaganda and departmental linkage, and vigorously promote the application. The comprehensive utilization of mechanization technology for straw will accelerate the construction of a comprehensive utilization technology system, service system and industrial system supported by mechanization; it is necessary to strengthen the overall planning, pilot advancement and comprehensive promotion of time allocation and spatial layout, capacity building and utilization subsidies. Coordination, government guidance and market operation should be integrated, and work mechanisms and working methods should be innovated to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers, agricultural machinery service organizations, animal husbandry and straw processing enterprises, and strive to increase the comprehensive utilization of straw to a new level. (Original title: China's comprehensive utilization rate of straw reached more than 80%, mechanized into the main force)